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Analysis and advice on questions and issues of individual ethics and institutional integrity, from Jane Robbins. Do you have a question or comment that you wish to make anonymously? Click here to send it to me. A reader inquires about the ethics of a university president who publishes ghostwritten scholarly work.
I have come out of my hiatus from this Sounding Board blog to respond to an anonymous question I received and apologizes for how long it has taken. The questions is:. It seems highly unethical and dishonest but there is very little out [there] that clearly articulates when a president should and should not byline their work and papers.
In both cases the material is the original creation of someone other than the publicly named author. The ethical and even legal distinctions come down primarily to issues of rights and permissions—and the circumstances under which these rights and permissions are granted, or not—and the question of reliance, or trust. Plagiarism is theft or co-optation of original work authorship, college paper ghost writer status connected to intellectual property without permission or attribution by an individual; ghostwriting is production of original work authorship for transfer of exclusive use by, and ownership of, another by mutual consent and, usually, remuneration; this word is specifically chosen to indicate a financial relationship, not a tit-for-tat relationship more about that later.
I once earned my living as a ghost or contract writer; I was paid to write for others. What about attribution? Levels of attribution depend on such variables as named author generosity and writer reputation, college paper ghost writer, but also on conventions or norms related to content and audience alike. That is, we are not relying on the fact of original authorship in this case, but rather that it fairly represents the named author e.
We do, however, expect that the content has been reviewed and approved, and built through a relational process of construction between the named author and the paid writer.
College paper ghost writer is, we do expect that it has not been plagiarized by the individual named author acting alone. It becomes more difficult when we are relying on the fact of authorship—where that has important consequences. So we now come to the question of scholarly works and other products of research where there is a presumption of originality with the named author one of the defining characteristics of scholarshipand for which the original thought itself is the source of value.
Here, we do expect the named author to actually be the author. So while the named author might not have plagiarized—might have paid someone to generate the material or even, college paper ghost writer, as in medical publishing, college paper ghost writer, received compensation to be the named author or agreed to have research written by professional ghostwriters in the employ of a pharmaceutical company—in scholarly publishing our reliance on original authorship makes this unethical and college paper ghost writer trust in the scholarly record and the system of recognition and rewards on which the scholarly community has long been based.
If an author is not really the original author, that system is rendered meaningless. This goes for the common practice of adding names to articles for back-scratching, political, advancement, citation, and other interests.
Concern over publication ethics is growing, and has spread from the traditional fields of medicine and some science disciplines to the social sciences and other professions. Anecdotal stories of professors lifting the work of their graduate students and co-opting it as their own abound.
This is plagiarism. But what if a student or assistant is being paid say, college paper ghost writer, their stipend to do research of a scholarly nature for that professor in the case at issue here, for that president?
Here is where the original question moves beyond codes, conventions, and rules to the more difficult question: a question of personal ethics, college paper ghost writer, and virtue: the question of leadership and credit where credit is due. The particular question posed had to do with university presidents, so that adds another dimension to the issue beyond its normal considerations of commercial versus academic.
I would say that, college paper ghost writer, because of the relation in which the ghostwriting occurs, acknowledgment is incumbent, almost mandatory.
The reality is that people in positions of leadership or authority have other people doing things for them all the time: in the best of worlds, it is those people who college paper ghost writer the leader successful, who make him or her look good. If the writing or research assistance was partial and was a work-for-hire, perhaps by a research assistant, then that is a contribution that merits but may not require acknowledgment if it was not substantial.
In both cases, however, the president sets a poor model of ethical behavior to the institution and the public he or she serves. When a president publishes not only a scholarly work on whose authorship we rely but also one for general or trade consumption, therefore, it is an exercise of leadership and personal integrity to give full acknowledgement of the help received, according to its magnitude. College paper ghost writer might range from co-authorship to acknowledgment.
Expand comments Hide comments, college paper ghost writer. We have retired comments and introduced Letters to the Editor. Share your thoughts ». Advertise About Contact Subscribe. Enable Javascript to log in Become an Insider Log In My Dashboard Menu Search. Coronavirus Live Updates - July 30, Title The Ethics of Authorship: Is Ghostwriting Plagiarism?
Jane Robbins. February 23, Leadership and Credit where Credit is due The particular question posed had to do with university presidents, so that adds another dimension to the issue beyond its normal considerations of commercial versus academic. Inside Higher Ed Careers Hiring? Post A Job Today! Trending Stories A former president who took an online course has suggestions for current higher ed leaders opinion … Advice on the legal issues related to vaccine mandates opinion Ole Miss settles with professor The Dark Shadow of COVID: Mental Health Impact Persists Professor pay is flat -- again.
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