Bjoern hartmann dissertation

Bjoern hartmann dissertation

Macht definiert den Umfang der physischen und psychischen Handlungsmöglichkeiten einer Person oder Personengruppe. Die Nutzung dieser Handlungsmacht, die sich auf andere Individuen auswirken kann, aber nicht muss, ist in positivem wie auch negativem Sinne, bezogen auf deren Auswirkungen, möglich. Bei negativen Auswirkungen und unter Voraussetzung einer bewusst möglichen Entscheidung für Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention (the selective attention/selective inattention hypothesis, SASI), reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.. There are competing theories explaining hypnosis and related phenomena. Altered state theories see hypnosis as an altered state of mind or trance, marked by a level of awareness different Anton „Toni“ Hofreiter (* blogger.comr in München) ist ein deutscher Politiker (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) und blogger.com ist seit Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages und war dort von bis Vorsitzender des Ausschusses für Verkehr, Bau und blogger.com Oktober ist er neben Katrin Göring-Eckardt Vorsitzender der grünen Bundestagsfraktion

Hypnosis - Wikipedia

There are competing theories explaining hypnosis and related phenomena. Altered state theories see hypnosis as an altered state of mind or trancemarked by a level of awareness different from the ordinary state of consciousness.

During hypnosis, a person is said to have heightened focus and concentration [12] and an increased response to suggestions. The use of hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is referred to as " hypnotherapy ", while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is known as " stage hypnosis ," a form of mentalism.

Hypnosis for pain management "is likely to decrease acute and chronic pain in most individuals". Research indicates that hypnotising an individual may aid the formation of bjoern hartmann dissertation memories, [18] and that hypnosis "does not help people recall events more accurately".

The words hypnosis and hypnotism both derive from the term neuro-hypnotism nervous sleepall of which were coined by Étienne Félix d'Henin de Cuvillers in the s.

The term hypnosis is derived from the ancient Greek ὑπνος hypnos"sleep", and the suffix -ωσις - osisor from ὑπνόω hypnoō"put to sleep" stem of aorist hypnōs - and the suffix - is. Braid based his practice on that developed by Franz Mesmer and his followers which was called "Mesmerism" or " animal magnetism "but differed in his theory as to how the procedure worked. A person in a state of hypnosis has focused attention, and has increased suggestibility.

The hypnotized individual appears to heed only the communications of the hypnotist and typically responds bjoern hartmann dissertation an uncritical, automatic fashion while ignoring all aspects of the environment other than those pointed out by the hypnotist. In a hypnotic state an individual tends to see, feel, smell, and otherwise perceive in accordance with the hypnotist's suggestions, even though these suggestions may be in apparent contradiction to the actual stimuli present in the environment.

The effects of hypnosis are not limited to sensory change; even the subject's memory and awareness of self may be altered by suggestion, and the effects of the suggestions may be extended post-hypnotically into the subject's subsequent waking activity. It could be said that hypnotic suggestion is explicitly intended to make use of the placebo effect.

For example, inbjoern hartmann dissertation, Irving Kirsch characterized hypnosis as a "non-deceptive placebo", i. In Trance on Triala text directed at the legal profession, legal scholar Alan W. Scheflin and psychologist Jerrold Lee Shapiro observed that the "deeper" the hypnotism, the more likely a particular characteristic is to appear, and the greater extent to which it is manifested.

Bjoern hartmann dissertation and Bjoern hartmann dissertation identified 20 separate characteristics that hypnotized subjects might display: [24] " dissociation "; "detachment"; " suggestibility ", "ideosensory activity"; [25] " catalepsy "; "ideomotor responsiveness"; [26] " age regression" ; " revivification "; " hyperamnesia "; "[automatic or suggested] amnesia"; " posthypnotic responses "; "hypnotic analgesia and anesthesia "; "glove anesthesia"; [27] "somnambulism"; [28] "automatic writing"; "time distortion"; "release of inhibitions"; "change in capacity for volitional activity"; "trance logic"; [29] and "effortless imagination".

De Cuvillers coined the terms "hypnotism" and "hypnosis" as an abbreviation bjoern hartmann dissertation "neuro-hypnotism", or nervous sleep. Braid popularised the terms and gave the earliest definition of hypnosis. He contrasted the hypnotic state with normal sleep, and defined it as "a peculiar condition of the nervous system, induced by a fixed and abstracted attention of the mental and visual eye, on one object, not of an exciting nature, bjoern hartmann dissertation.

Braid elaborated upon this brief definition in a later work, Hypnotic Therapeutics : [31], bjoern hartmann dissertation. The real origin and essence of the hypnotic condition, is the induction of a habit of abstraction or mental concentration, in which, as in reverie or spontaneous abstraction, the powers of the mind are so much engrossed with a single idea or train of thought, as, for the nonce, to render the individual unconscious of, or indifferently conscious to, all other ideas, impressions, or trains bjoern hartmann dissertation thought.

The hypnotic sleep, therefore, bjoern hartmann dissertation, is the very antithesis or opposite mental and physical condition to that which precedes and accompanies common sleep. Therefore, Braid defined hypnotism as a state of mental concentration that often leads to a form of progressive relaxation. A new definition of hypnosis, derived from academic psychologywas provided inwhen the Society for Psychological Hypnosis, Division 30 of the American Psychological Association APApublished the following formal definition:.

Hypnosis typically involves an introduction to the bjoern hartmann dissertation during which the subject is told that suggestions for imaginative experiences will be presented.

The hypnotic induction is an extended initial suggestion for using one's imagination, and may contain further elaborations of the introduction. A hypnotic procedure is used to encourage and evaluate responses to suggestions. When using hypnosis, one person the subject is guided by another the hypnotist to respond to suggestions for changes in subjective experience, bjoern hartmann dissertation, alterations in perception, [33] [34] sensation, [35] emotion, thought or behavior.

Persons can also learn self-hypnosis, which is the act of administering hypnotic procedures on one's own. If the subject responds to hypnotic suggestions, it is generally inferred that hypnosis has been induced, bjoern hartmann dissertation. Many believe that hypnotic responses and experiences are characteristic of a hypnotic state.

While some think that it is not necessary to use the word "hypnosis" as part of the hypnotic induction, others view it as essential. Michael Nash provides a list of eight definitions of hypnosis by different authors, in addition to his own view that hypnosis is "a special case of psychological regression ":. Joe Griffin and Ivan Tyrrell the originators of the human givens approach define hypnosis as "any artificial way of accessing the REM state, the same brain state in which dreaming occurs" and suggest that this definition, when properly understood, resolves "many of the mysteries and controversies surrounding hypnosis".

They attempt to explain this by asserting that, in a sense, all learning is post-hypnotic, bjoern hartmann dissertation, which they say explains why the number of ways people can be put into a hypnotic state are so varied: according to them, anything that focuses a person's attention, inward or outward, puts them into a trance. Hypnosis is normally preceded by a "hypnotic induction" technique. Traditionally, this was interpreted as a method of putting the subject into a "hypnotic trance"; however, subsequent "nonstate" theorists have viewed it differently, seeing it as a means of heightening client expectation, defining their role, focusing attention, etc.

There are several different induction techniques. One of the most influential methods was Braid's "eye-fixation" technique, also known bjoern hartmann dissertation "Braidism". Many variations of the eye-fixation approach exist, including the induction used in the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale SHSSthe most widely used research tool in the field of hypnotism.

Take any bright object e. a lancet case between the thumb and fore and middle fingers of the left hand; hold it from about eight to fifteen inches from the eyes, bjoern hartmann dissertation, at such position above the forehead as may be necessary to produce the greatest possible strain upon the eyes and eyelids, and enable the patient to maintain a steady fixed stare at the object. The patient must be made to understand that he is to keep the eyes steadily fixed on the object, and the mind riveted on the idea of that one object.

It will be observed, that owing to the consensual adjustment of the eyes, the pupils will be at first contracted: They will shortly begin to dilate, and, after they have done so to a considerable extent, and have assumed a wavy motion, if the fore and middle fingers of the right hand, extended and a little separated, are carried from the object toward the eyes, most probably the eyelids will close involuntarily, bjoern hartmann dissertation, with a vibratory motion.

If this is not the case, or the patient allows the eyeballs to move, desire him to begin anew, giving him to understand that he is to allow the eyelids to close when the fingers are again carried towards the eyes, but that the eyeballs must be kept fixed, in the same position, and the mind riveted to the one idea of the object held above the eyes. In general, it will be found, bjoern hartmann dissertation, bjoern hartmann dissertation the eyelids close with a vibratory motion, or become spasmodically closed.

Braid later acknowledged that the hypnotic induction technique was not necessary in every case, bjoern hartmann dissertation, and subsequent researchers have generally found that on average it contributes less than previously expected to the effect of hypnotic suggestions. However, this method is still considered authoritative. When James Braid first described hypnotism, he did not use the term "suggestion" but referred instead to the act of focusing the conscious mind of the subject upon a single dominant idea.

Braid's main therapeutic strategy involved stimulating or reducing physiological functioning in different regions of the body. In his later works, however, Braid placed increasing emphasis upon the use of a variety of different verbal and non-verbal forms of suggestion, including the use of "waking suggestion" and self-hypnosis.

Subsequently, Hippolyte Bernheim shifted the emphasis from the physical state of hypnosis on to the psychological process of verbal suggestion:. I define hypnotism as the induction of a peculiar psychical [i. Often, it is true, the [hypnotic] sleep that may be induced facilitates suggestion, but it is not the necessary preliminary. Bjoern hartmann dissertation is suggestion that rules hypnotism. Bernheim's conception of the primacy of verbal suggestion in hypnotism dominated the subject throughout the 20th century, leading bjoern hartmann dissertation authorities to declare him the father of modern hypnotism.

Contemporary hypnotism uses a variety of suggestion forms including direct verbal suggestions, "indirect" verbal suggestions such as requests or insinuations, metaphors and other rhetorical figures of speech, and non-verbal suggestion in the form of mental imagery, voice tonality, and physical manipulation. A distinction is commonly made between suggestions delivered "permissively" and those delivered in a more "authoritarian" manner. Harvard hypnotherapist Deirdre Barrett writes that most modern research suggestions are designed to bring about immediate responses, whereas hypnotherapeutic suggestions are usually post-hypnotic ones that are intended to trigger responses affecting behaviour for periods ranging from days to a lifetime in duration.

The hypnotherapeutic ones are often repeated in multiple sessions before they achieve peak effectiveness. Some hypnotists view suggestion as a form of communication that is directed primarily to the subject's conscious mind, [49] whereas others view it as a means of communicating with the " unconscious " or " subconscious " mind.

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory describes conscious thoughts as being at the surface of the mind and unconscious processes as being deeper in the mind. Indeed, Braid actually defines hypnotism as focused conscious attention upon a dominant idea or suggestion. Different views regarding the nature of the mind have led to different conceptions of suggestion. Hypnotists who believe that responses are mediated primarily by bjoern hartmann dissertation "unconscious mind", like Milton Ericksonmake use of indirect suggestions such as metaphors or stories whose intended meaning may be concealed from the subject's conscious mind, bjoern hartmann dissertation.

The concept of subliminal suggestion depends upon this view of the mind. By contrast, hypnotists who believe that responses to suggestion are primarily mediated by the conscious mind, such as Theodore Barber and Nicholas Spanoshave tended to make more use of direct verbal suggestions and instructions. The first neuropsychological theory of hypnotic suggestion was introduced early by James Braid who adopted his friend and colleague William Carpenter's theory of the ideo-motor reflex response to account for the phenomenon of hypnotism.

Carpenter had observed from close examination of everyday experience that, under certain circumstances, the mere bjoern hartmann dissertation of a muscular movement could be sufficient to produce a reflexive, or automatic, contraction or bjoern hartmann dissertation of the muscles involved, albeit in a very small degree.

Braid extended Carpenter's theory to encompass the observation that a wide variety of bodily responses besides muscular movement can be thus affected, for example, the idea of sucking a lemon can automatically stimulate salivation, a secretory bjoern hartmann dissertation. Braid, therefore, bjoern hartmann dissertation, adopted the term "ideo-dynamic", meaning "by the power of an idea", to explain a broad range of "psycho-physiological" mind—body phenomena.

Braid coined the term "mono-ideodynamic" to refer to the theory that hypnotism operates by bjoern hartmann dissertation attention on a single idea in order to amplify the ideo-dynamic reflex response. Variations of the bjoern hartmann dissertation ideo-motor, or ideo-dynamic, theory of suggestion have continued to exercise considerable influence over subsequent theories of hypnosis, including those of Clark L.

HullHans Eysenckand Ernest Rossi. Braid made a rough distinction between different stages of hypnosis, bjoern hartmann dissertation, which he termed the first and second conscious stage bjoern hartmann dissertation hypnotism; [52] he later replaced this with a distinction between "sub-hypnotic", "full hypnotic", and bjoern hartmann dissertation coma" stages.

However, Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim introduced more complex hypnotic "depth" scales based on bjoern hartmann dissertation combination of behavioural, physiological, and subjective responses, bjoern hartmann dissertation, some of which were due to direct suggestion and some of which were not.

In the first few decades of the 20th century, these early clinical "depth" scales were superseded by more sophisticated "hypnotic susceptibility" scales based on experimental research. The most influential were the Davis—Husband and Friedlander—Sarbin scales developed in the s. André Weitzenhoffer and Ernest R. Hilgard developed the Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility inconsisting of 12 suggestion test items following a standardised hypnotic eye-fixation induction script, and this has become one of the most widely referenced research tools in the field of hypnosis.

Soon after, inbjoern hartmann dissertation, Ronald Shor and Emily Carota Orne developed bjoern hartmann dissertation similar group scale called the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility HGSHS. Whereas the older "depth scales" tried to infer the level of "hypnotic trance" from supposed observable signs such as spontaneous amnesia, most subsequent scales have measured the degree of observed or self-evaluated responsiveness to specific suggestion tests such as direct suggestions of arm rigidity catalepsy, bjoern hartmann dissertation.

The Stanford, Harvard, HIP, and most other susceptibility scales convert numbers into an assessment of a bjoern hartmann dissertation susceptibility as "high", "medium", or "low". There is some controversy as to whether this is distributed on a "normal" bell-shaped curve or whether it is bi-modal with a small "blip" of people at the high end.

Research by Deirdre Barrett has found that there are two distinct types of highly susceptible subjects, which she terms fantasisers and dissociaters.

Fantasisers score high on absorption scales, find it easy bjoern hartmann dissertation block out real-world stimuli without hypnosis, spend much time daydreaming, report imaginary companions as a child, and grew up with parents who encouraged imaginary play. Dissociaters often have a history of childhood abuse or other trauma, learned to escape into numbness, and to forget unpleasant events.

Their association bjoern hartmann dissertation "daydreaming" was often going blank rather than creating vividly recalled fantasies. Both score equally high on formal scales of hypnotic susceptibility. Individuals with dissociative identity disorder have the highest hypnotisability of any clinical group, bjoern hartmann dissertation, followed by those with posttraumatic stress disorder.

People have been entering into hypnotic-type trances for thousands of years. In many cultures and religions, it was regarded as a form of meditation. Our earliest record of a description of a hypnotic state can be found in the writings of Avicennaa Persian physician bjoern hartmann dissertation wrote about "trance" in In fact, hypnosis used to be known as 'Mesmerism' as it was named bjoern hartmann dissertation Mesmer.

Mesmer held the opinion that hypnosis was a sort of mystical force that flows from the hypnotist to the person being hypnotised, bjoern hartmann dissertation, but his theory was dismissed by critics who asserted that there is no magical element to hypnotism.

Abbé Fariaa Luso-Goan Catholic monk, was one of the pioneers of the scientific study of hypnotism, following on from the work of Franz Mesmer. Unlike Mesmer, who claimed that hypnosis was mediated by "animal magnetism", Faria understood that it worked purely by the power of suggestion.

Björn Hartmann: Augmented cognition

, time: 11:33

Macht – Wikipedia

Macht definiert den Umfang der physischen und psychischen Handlungsmöglichkeiten einer Person oder Personengruppe. Die Nutzung dieser Handlungsmacht, die sich auf andere Individuen auswirken kann, aber nicht muss, ist in positivem wie auch negativem Sinne, bezogen auf deren Auswirkungen, möglich. Bei negativen Auswirkungen und unter Voraussetzung einer bewusst möglichen Entscheidung für Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention (the selective attention/selective inattention hypothesis, SASI), reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.. There are competing theories explaining hypnosis and related phenomena. Altered state theories see hypnosis as an altered state of mind or trance, marked by a level of awareness different Anton „Toni“ Hofreiter (* blogger.comr in München) ist ein deutscher Politiker (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) und blogger.com ist seit Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages und war dort von bis Vorsitzender des Ausschusses für Verkehr, Bau und blogger.com Oktober ist er neben Katrin Göring-Eckardt Vorsitzender der grünen Bundestagsfraktion