Dec 06, · Thematic Essay Example. When writing a thematic essay, your goal is to make your reader to uncover what you are saying between the lines. When then their does discover it, you have accomplished the 1st step! Find out more details about how to write a thematic essay on our EssayPro writing guide and the following thematic essay example Holes is a novel by Louis Sachar that was first published in Summary Read a Plot Overview of the entire book or a chapter by chapter Summary and Analysis 5-Paragraph Essay: This is an essay written in the classic five-paragraph style. It can be used for persuasive, expository, or narrative texts. Persuasive: This paper aims to persuade the audience about a certain topic or idea. Cause-and-Effect: Is an essay in which a situation is presented and followed up with an in-depth analysis of the results
Holes: Plot Overview | SparkNotes
Micro black holesalso called quantum mechanical black holes or mini black holesholes essay, are hypothetical tiny black holesfor which quantum mechanical effects play an important role.
It is possible that such quantum primordial black holes were created in the high-density environment of the early Universe or Big Bangholes essay, or possibly through subsequent phase transitions.
They might be observed by astrophysicists through the particles they are expected to emit by Hawking radiation. Some hypotheses involving additional space dimensions predict that holes essay black holes could be formed at energies as low as the TeV range, which are available in particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider. Popular concerns have holes essay been raised over end-of-the-world scenarios see Safety of particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.
However, such holes essay black holes would instantly evaporate, holes essay, either totally or leaving only a holes essay weakly interacting residue. Some extensions of present physics posit the existence of extra dimensions of space. In higher-dimensional spacetime, the strength of gravity increases more rapidly with decreasing distance than in three dimensions.
With certain special configurations holes essay the extra dimensions, holes essay, this effect can lower the Planck scale to the TeV range. Examples of such extensions include large extra dimensionsholes essay, special cases of the Randall—Sundrum modeland string theory configurations like the GKP solutions, holes essay. In such scenarios, black hole production could possibly be an important and observable effect at the Large Hadron Collider LHC.
All this assumes that the theory of general holes essay remains valid at these small distances. If it does not, then other, presently unknown, effects might limit the minimum size of a black hole. Elementary particles are equipped with a quantum-mechanical, holes essay, intrinsic angular momentum spin. The correct conservation law for the total orbital plus spin angular momentum of matter in curved spacetime requires that spacetime is equipped with torsion. The simplest and most natural theory of gravity with torsion is the Einstein—Cartan theory.
In this case the spatial extension of fermions limits the minimum mass of a black hole to be on the order of 10 16 kgholes essay, showing that micro black holes may not exist. The energy necessary to produce such a black hole holes essay 39 orders holes essay magnitude greater than the energies available at the Large Holes essay Collider, indicating that the LHC cannot produce mini black holes.
But if black holes are produced, then the theory of general relativity is proven wrong and does not exist at these small distances. The rules of general relativity would be broken, as is consistent with theories of how matter, space, and time break down around the event horizon of a black hole. This would prove the spatial extensions holes essay the fermion limits to be incorrect as well.
The fermion limits assume a minimum mass needed to sustain a black hole, holes essay, as opposed to the opposite, the minimum mass needed to start a black hole, which in theory is achievable in the LHC under some conditions. InStephen Hawking argued that, due to holes essay effects, black holes "evaporate" by a process now referred to as Hawking radiation in which elementary particles such as photonselectronsquarksgluons are emitted.
Any primordial black hole of sufficiently low mass will evaporate to near the Planck mass within the lifetime of the Universe. In this process, these small black holes radiate away matter. A rough picture of this is that pairs of virtual particles emerge from the vacuum near the event horizonwith one member of a pair being captured, and the other escaping the vicinity of the black hole. The net result is the black hole loses mass due to conservation of energy.
According to the formulae of black hole thermodynamicsthe more the holes essay hole holes essay mass, the hotter it becomes, and the faster it evaporates, until it approaches the Planck mass. Thus, a thermodynamic description breaks down. Such a micro black hole would also have an entropy of only 4 π natsapproximately the minimum possible value.
At holes essay point then, holes essay, the object can no longer be described as a classical black hole, and Hawking's calculations also break down. While Hawking radiation is sometimes questioned, [12] Leonard Susskind summarizes an expert perspective in his book The Holes essay Hole War holes essay "Every so often, a physics paper will appear claiming that black holes don't evaporate. Such papers quickly disappear into the infinite junk heap of fringe ideas. Conjectures for the final fate of the black hole include total evaporation and production of a Planck-mass -sized black hole remnant.
Such Planck-mass black holes may in effect be stable objects if the quantized gaps between their allowed energy levels bar them from emitting Hawking particles or absorbing energy gravitationally like a classical black hole, holes essay.
In such case, they would be weakly interacting massive particles ; this could explain dark matter. Production of a black hole requires concentration of mass or energy within the corresponding Schwarzschild radius.
It was hypothesized by Zel'dovich and Novikov first and independently by Hawking that, shortly after the Big Bangthe Universe was dense enough for any given region of space to fit within its own Schwarzschild radius. Even so, at that time, the Holes essay was not able to collapse into a singularity due to its uniform mass distribution and rapid growth. This, holes essay, does not fully exclude the possibility that black holes of various sizes holes essay have emerged locally.
A black hole formed in this way is called a primordial black hole and is the most widely accepted hypothesis for the possible creation of micro holes essay holes. Computer simulations suggest that the probability of formation of a primordial black hole is inversely proportional to its mass. Thus, holes essay, the most likely outcome would be micro black holes.
A primordial black hole with an initial mass of around 10 12 kg would be completing its evaporation today; a less massive primordial black hole would have already evaporated. The small radius and high density of the black hole would allow it to pass straight through any object consisting of normal atoms, interacting with only few of its atoms while doing so.
It has, however, holes essay, been suggested that a small black hole of sufficient mass passing through the Earth would produce a detectable acoustic or seismic signal.
In familiar three-dimensional gravity, the minimum energy of a microscopic black hole is 10 16 TeV equivalent to 1. This is far beyond the limits of any current technology. It is estimated [ citation needed ] that to collide two particles to within a distance of a Planck length with currently achievable magnetic field strengths would require a ring accelerator about 1, light years in diameter to keep the particles on track.
However, in some scenarios involving extra dimensions of space, the Planck mass can be as low as the TeV range. The Large Hadron Collider LHC has a design energy of 14 TeV for proton —proton collisions and 1, TeV for Pb —Pb collisions. It was argued in that, in these circumstances, black hole production could be an important and observable effect at the LHC [3] [4] [5] [6] [21] or future higher-energy colliders. Such quantum black holes should decay emitting sprays of particles that could be seen by detectors at these facilities.
Hawking's calculation [2] and more general quantum mechanical arguments predict that micro black holes evaporate almost instantaneously. Additional safety arguments beyond those based on Hawking radiation were given in the paper, [24] [25] which showed that in holes essay scenarios with stable black holes that could damage Earth, such black holes would have been produced by cosmic rays and would have already destroyed known astronomical objects such as the Earth, Sun, neutron starsor white dwarfs.
It is possible, in some theories of quantum gravityto calculate the quantum corrections to ordinary, classical black holes. Contrarily to conventional black holes, which are solutions of gravitational field equations of the general theory of relativityholes essay, quantum gravity black holes incorporate quantum gravity effects in the vicinity of the origin, where classically a curvature singularity occurs.
According to the theory employed to model quantum gravity holes essay, there are different kinds of quantum gravity black holes, namely loop quantum black holes, non-commutative black holes, asymptotically safe black holes. In these approaches, black holes are singularity-free.
Virtual micro black holes were proposed by Stephen Hawking in [26] and by Fabio Scardigli in as part of a Grand Unified Theory as a quantum gravity candidate. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Hypothetical black holes of very small size, holes essay. Main article: Hawking radiation. Main article: Primordial black hole. Further information: Kugelblitz astrophysics.
Main article: Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments. Star portal. Scientific American. Bibcode : SciAm. doi : PMID Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Bibcode : MNRAS. Physical Review D.
Bibcode : PhRvD. S2CID Physical Review Letters. Bibcode : PhRvL. The New York Times. Retrieved CERN Courier. November Reviews of Modern Physics. Bibcode : RvMP Journal of Mathematical Physics. Bibcode : JMP Holes essay Letters B. arXiv : Bibcode : PhLB. Communications in Mathematical Physics, holes essay.
Bibcode : CMaPh. Reports on Progress in Physics. Bibcode : RPPh The Black Hole War: My battle with Stephen Hawking to holes essay the world safe for quantum mechanics. New York: Little, Brown, holes essay. ISBN Bibcode : Natur. Astroparticle Physics. Bibcode : APh
Holes (2003) Trailer
, time: 2:12How to Write a Synthesis Essay: 15 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow
Sep 14, · This is the type of synthesis essay that students will write during the AP test. Review: Often written as a preliminary essay to an argument synthesis, a review essay is a discussion of what has been written previously on a topic, with a critical analysis of the sources covered And if you pick something you actually like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. If you’ve wrapped up your argument but think there may be a few holes in your logic, send your essay over to the Kibin editors. They’ll help give you the winning edge in whatever you’re debating. Good luck! Holes is a novel by Louis Sachar that was first published in Summary Read a Plot Overview of the entire book or a chapter by chapter Summary and Analysis
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